Helps relieve intestinal complaints and inhibits urease enzymes to reduce gastric discomfort. 
Gastric and intestinal relief 

Angelica has been used in traditional medicine for centuries to treat various ailments (2017, Sowndhararajan et al.). In China, Korea, and Japan, different types of angelica are used for stomach and intestinal disorders, such as indigestion and stomach cramps. 

The essential oils of angelica contain a complex mix of compounds, mainly terpenoids, which contribute to their biological properties (2017, Sowndhararajan et al.). Scientific research has shown that these oils offer various health benefits, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects.  

 For digestion, the oils can help relieve stomach and intestinal complaints and combat infections in the digestive tract. 

 Angelica is also studied for its ability to inhibit urease enzymes. Urease is an enzyme that converts urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide, which dangerous bacteria, such as Helicobacter pylori, in the stomach live on. This bacterium uses urease to neutralize stomach acid, which can lead to stomach ulcers and other gastrointestinal diseases. A study showed that extracts of angelica can inhibit urease, reducing ammonia production and limiting the survival of H. pylori in the stomach (2014, Biglar et al.). Angelica showed significant inhibitory effects with an IC50 value of 64.03 µg/mL. 

Reduces gas production and promotes fat digestion by increasing pancreatic lipase activity.
Reduces flatulence and promotes digestion 

 Anise is a traditionally known ingredient used as a remedy for gastrointestinal problems. The herb was mentioned in a study in Algeria by 8.5% of the respondents (2024, Tazi et al.).  

 In Saudi Arabia, a study (2023, Elmaghraby et al.) investigated in detail for which complaints various herbs were used. Anise was mentioned by 44.6% of the respondents for irritable bowel syndrome, by 22.7% for stomach infections, and by 19.2% for heartburn. 

 A study with sheep showed that anise actually reduced gas production in the intestines (flatulence) (2018, Wang et al.). 

 Additionally, a study showed that anise increased the activity of pancreatic lipase by 186.5% (2013, Ado et al.). This suggests that anise can promote the digestion of fats in the small intestine by stimulating enzymatic activity. 

 These findings support the use of anise for improving digestion and relieving digestive problems. 

Supports digestion and maintains a healthy gut flora with its antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties.
Healthy digestion and gut flora 

 Basil is a traditionally known ingredient used as a remedy for gastrointestinal problems. The herb was mentioned in a study in Algeria by 0.9% of the respondents (2024, Tazi et al.). Its use in this context is also known in Pakistan, Nepal, and Brazil (2023, Azizah et al.). 

 According to a recent review (2023, Azizah et al.), basil indeed has antiviral activity against both DNA and RNA viruses, antibacterial effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and antifungal properties. Furthermore, it acts as an antioxidant, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and anticancer agent. The plant contains interesting phytochemical components, mainly linalool, eucalyptol, estragole, and eugenol. 

These versatile properties make basil a valuable addition to herbal medicine, not only for general health but also specifically for supporting digestion. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects can contribute to a healthy gut flora and better digestion, while the antibacterial and antifungal properties help combat harmful microorganisms in the digestive tract. 

Relieves various gastrointestinal complaints with its anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic effects.
Reduces cramps and intestinal calming 

Chamomile is a traditionally known ingredient used as a remedy for gastrointestinal problems. The herb was mentioned in a study in Algeria by 4.0% of the respondents (2024, Tazi et al.). In the Catalan region, this was 5.97% (2024, Cáceres et al.) and in Southern Romania even 39.26% (2024, Petran et al.). 

 In Saudi Arabia, a study (2023, Elmaghraby et al.) investigated in more detail for which complaints various herbs were used. Chamomile was mentioned by 12.3% of the respondents for diarrhea, by 26.5% for constipation, by 32.6% for irritable bowel syndrome, by 22.5% for digestive disorders, and by 18.2% for heartburn. 

 According to a Catalan study (2024, Cáceres et al.), the properties of chamomile indeed address a wide range of gastrointestinal complaints. The plant is known for its anti-inflammatory effects in the gastrointestinal tract and its ability to relieve cramps and abdominal pain. Additionally, chamomile is often used as a calming agent for diarrhea and indigestion. 

 The Romanian study (2024, Petran et al.) describes that chamomile plays a prominent role in treating digestive problems in children in Southern Romania. The use of chamomile is mainly applied for complaints such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and colic in young children. A large portion of the respondents used it consistently for these indications. Besides digestive problems, chamomile is also attributed with carminative and calming effects, which help with gas formation and support general intestinal calm. 

 Chamomile has a relaxing effect on the muscles of the digestive system because it contains essential oils that can reduce spasms (sudden contractions) of the muscles (2021, Rauf et al.). Research has shown that especially the spasms caused by histamine and acetylcholine can be inhibited by chamomile extract. This occurs by blocking calcium channels and activating potassium channels, leading to a relaxing effect on the muscle tissues. 

Supports digestive health with its antioxidant properties.
Antioxidant 

A study (2021, Stojković et al.) discusses chervil as a plant traditionally used to treat digestive complaints, including stomach problems and indigestion. Chervil contains phenolic acids and flavonoids, which have been shown to have antioxidant properties. These properties can have a beneficial effect on the health of the digestive system by reducing inflammatory reactions and providing a protective effect on the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines. 

Although the primary focus of the study is on the anti-glioblastoma and antimicrobial effects of chervil, the chemical composition (including chlorogenic acid and flavonoids such as quercetin) supports the traditional uses of chervil in promoting healthy digestion. These substances are known to reduce the production of harmful free radicals and may have a protective effect on gut health. 

Relieves flatulence, intestine cramps and stomach pain by relaxing digestive tract muscles.
Reduces cramps and flatulence  

Dill is a plant that has been valued for its properties for centuries. Traditionally, dill is used to relieve flatulence, stomach pain, and indigestion. It is also used to reduce menstrual pain. 

In a review (2021, Rauf et al.), plants that influence muscle cramps were specifically examined, and dill was discussed as it appears to have an antispasmodic effect. This means that dill can help reduce muscle cramps in the digestive tract. This property is particularly useful for conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders. The effect of dill is attributed to the presence of bioactive substances such as quercetin and rutin. These substances help open potassium channels, leading to relaxation of the smooth muscles in the digestive tract. This can effectively reduce painful cramps and discomfort. Additionally, dill essential oil has a relaxing effect on the muscles, contributing to the relief of digestive complaints. 

Improves digestion and maintains healthy intestinal mucosa with its bioactive compounds.
Healthy mucosae and promotes digestion 

 A recent study (2024, Nawirska-Olszańska et al.) indicates that elderflower can have a positive effect on digestion due to the presence of bioactive compounds, including chlorogenic acid. This acid stimulates intestinal peristalsis and increases the secretion of gastric acid and bile, contributing to improved digestion. Additionally, elderflowers contain antioxidants (2022, Laurutis et al.; 2017, Viapiana and Wesolowski), such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, which have anti-inflammatory properties. These properties help protect the intestinal mucosa and can aid in the recovery from digestive disorders. Therefore, elderflowers are traditionally used as natural support for digestive complaints. 

Enhances intestinal barrier function and reduces inflammation, supporting digestive health.
Intestinal barrier function and anti-inflammatory 

 Fennel seed is a traditionally known ingredient used as a remedy for gastrointestinal problems. The herb was mentioned in a study in Algeria by 4.2% of the respondents (2024, Tazi et al.). 

 In Saudi Arabia, a study (2023, Elmaghraby et al.) investigated in detail for which complaints various herbs were used. Fennel was mentioned by 28.7% of the respondents for constipation, by 17.3% for irritable bowel syndrome, by 18.8% for digestive disorders, and by 14.4% for heartburn. 

 In Iran, fennel seed, known as ‘Razianeh’ in traditional Iranian medicine, is also used for treating inflammatory bowel diseases. An Iranian review (2010, Rahimi et al.) described that fennel seed extracts indeed have antioxidant properties and can reduce ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats. 

 Another study (2022, Das et al.) investigated the effects of fennel seed extract on intestinal barrier function and the STAT pathway, which is active in inflammatory bowel diseases. The results showed that fennel seed extract improved transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and reduced the activation of the STAT pathway in both in vitro and in vivo models. Additionally, fennel seed extract lowered the ulcer indices1 in mice. 

 1 Ulcer indices are scores used to assess the degree of inflammation and damage in the intestines. They are assigned based on various criteria, such as the degree of inflammation, epithelial damage, gland condition, lesion depth, and the extent of the affected area. Each criterion receives a separate score, and these scores are summed to give a total ulcer index. 

 A recent study with ruminants further demonstrated that fennel seed reduced methane (CH4) production and increased the digestibility of dry matter and fibers (2024, Kholif et al.). The study also found that fennel seed increased the total production of short-chain fatty acids, including acetate and propionate, which can contribute to a healthy gut flora. 

 These findings suggest that fennel seed can improve digestion and nutrient absorption, supporting its use for relieving digestive problems. 

Protect the stomach lining and support healthy cholesterol levels. Have a high nutritional value and provide prebiotic fibers.
Prebiotic and improves stomach lining 

 Fenugreek is native to India and North Africa and is one of the oldest known medicinal plants. In Saudi Arabia, a study (2023, Elmaghraby et al.) investigated in detail for which complaints various herbs were used. Fenugreek was mentioned by 5.7% of the respondents for diarrhea, by 5.0% for constipation, by 9.0% for digestive disorders, by 6.1% for stomach infections, and by 6.6% for heartburn. 

 Fenugreek seeds indeed have remarkable properties that benefit the gastrointestinal system. Scientific studies (2020, Syed et al.) have shown that they have a protective effect against stomach ulcers. The gel and aqueous extract of fenugreek seeds help protect the stomach lining from damage caused by ethanol by influencing mucosal glycoproteins and reducing stomach acid production. 

 Additionally, fenugreek may play a role in preventing cholesterol gallstones (2020, Syed et al.). In mice fed a cholesterol-rich diet, the addition of fenugreek seeds significantly reduced the formation of gallstones. This is because fenugreek lowers cholesterol levels in serum, bile, and liver. It also improves the activity of liver enzymes involved in cholesterol metabolism. Fenugreek increases bile flow and reduces the cholesterol saturation index in bile. 

 Fenugreek seeds have high nutritional value. According to a recent review (2024, Alu’datt et al.), they are rich in proteins and non-starch polysaccharides, including galactomannans (GM), a soluble dietary fiber also known as ‘fenugreek gum.’ These fibers support healthy digestion as they act as prebiotics (2020, Zemzmi et al.), meaning they promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. This helps maintain a healthy gut flora, which is important for good digestion and overall gut health. Additionally, these fibers can speed up bowel transit and reduce constipation by making stools softer and bulkier. 

 Moreover, fenugreek seeds contain a range of other health-promoting phytochemicals and essential nutrients (2024, Alu’datt et al.). These substances contribute to the overall health of the digestive system by reducing inflammation and protecting the intestinal wall from harmful influences. 

 The presumed antidiabetic effect of fenugreek seeds (2024, Sarker et al.) is also increasingly supported by recent studies, which, for example, show that fenugreek lowers the glycemic index of wheat starch (2024, Mate et al.). 

 The growing awareness of the health benefits of fenugreek seed extracts has led to an expected growth of the global market for these extracts with a compound annual growth rate of 10% in the period 2024-2032 (2024, Alu’datt et al.). This shows the increasing recognition of fenugreek seeds as a valuable natural ingredient for promoting health. 

Speeds up gastric emptying and promotes the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.
Gastric emptying and gut flora 

Ginger is known worldwide for its protective effects on the digestive system. In Saudi Arabia, a study (2023, Elmaghraby et al.) investigated in detail for which complaints various herbs were used. Ginger was mentioned by 28.4% of the respondents in relation to digestive disorders. 

 According to a review (2020, Anh et al.), various studies have shown that ginger can help improve stomach function. Most studies have reported that ginger speeds up gastric emptying, meaning that food moves through the stomach faster. This can help relieve stomach discomfort and bloating. Additionally, ginger has a positive effect on reducing abnormal stomach activity, such as tachygastria, a condition where the stomach contracts too quickly.  

Ginger also appears to regulate inflammatory factors and cell growth (2020, Anh et al.), which can help reduce the risk of colon cancer. 

 The Bulang community in Southwest China has extensive medical knowledge and still uses many traditional treatment methods. A recent ethnobotanical study (2023, Zhou et al.) shows that ginger holds a prominent place within Bulang traditions. It was one of the most frequently mentioned plants for various applications. Ginger was specifically mentioned by respondents for treating abdominal bloating and pain. This indicates the recognized effectiveness of ginger in relieving digestive complaints such as bloating and abdominal pain. 

 Ginger also has a prebiotic effect (2019, Peterson et al.). It works antimicrobially against harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Additionally, ginger promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, while suppressing the growth of certain Ruminococcus species. 

In animal studies (2019, Peterson et al.), it has been shown that the use of ginger can increase the amount of beneficial bacteria such as Bacteroides intestinalis and Eubacterium oxidoreducens, while reducing the amount of harmful bacteria such as Atopostipes suicloacalis. These effects contribute to better gut health and digestion. 

Promotes healthy digestion with its carminative properties and gastroprotective effects. Reduces flatulence and gastroprotective 

According to traditional use (2014, Bais et al.), juniper berries promote healthy digestion through their carminative properties, which relieve flatulence and bloating. 

The secondary metabolites of the berry, including terpenoids, lignans, and flavonoids, contribute to gastrointestinal health through their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects (2018, Tavares and Seca; 2022, Gonçalves et al.).  

 Ferruginol is a particularly important compound in juniper berries. Ferruginol has strong gastroprotective effects (2024, Jojić et al.), providing protection against stomach ulcers and promoting healing. It does this by reducing lipid peroxidation. It also shows significant antibacterial effects (2024, Jojić et al.), which can have a positive impact on gastrointestinal infections. 

Protects the stomach lining and reduces inflammation in the digestive tract. May work synergistically with probiotics in supporting liver health.
Healthy stomach lining and anti-inflammatory 

Licorice root is a traditionally known ingredient used as a remedy for gastrointestinal problems. Licorice was mentioned in a study in Algeria by 1.9% of the respondents (2024, Tazi et al.). 

Licorice root indeed offers several benefits for digestion. This is extensively described in a review (2017, Yang et al.). Licorice root contains glycyrrhizic acid, which has anti-inflammatory properties and can help reduce inflammation in the digestive tract. Additionally, licorice root protects the stomach lining by increasing the production of protective mucus, which strengthens the stomach wall against harmful substances and acids. Moreover, glycyrrhizic acid has antimicrobial effects, allowing it to combat harmful bacteria and promote a healthy gut flora. 

 The effects of licorice and probiotics on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are extensively described in a review (2019, Rostamizadeh and Mazloom). The findings: Glycyrrhizic acid can help reduce liver inflammation and fat accumulation. Clinical studies show that glycyrrhizic acid can significantly lower levels of liver enzymes such as ALT and AST, as well as triglycerides and free fatty acids. Probiotics also contribute to improving liver health by lowering levels of ALT, AST, total cholesterol, and LDL. Together, licorice and probiotics can have a synergistic effect in treating NAFLD by both reducing inflammation and improving fat metabolism. 

 These properties make licorice root extract a valuable addition to products for better digestion and gut health. 

Reduces intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress, improving gut flora.
Improves gut flora and anti-inflammatory 

 According to a recent review (2024, Sleiman et al.), nettle has a protective effect on the digestive system, as demonstrated in various studies with animal models. Nettle extract reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in the intestines, which could help in the treatment of intestinal inflammations, such as colitis. Moreover, nettle improves gut flora, particularly the composition of Clostridia, and contributes to better metabolism, weight loss, and reduced insulin resistance. Clinical studies also show that nettle supplements reduce water and fat mass and improve overall health in people with inflammatory bowel diseases. 

Relieves digestive problems and combats pathogenic bacteria with its antimicrobial properties.
Supports stomach and reduces flatulence 

According to traditional use, oregano is used to relieve digestive problems such as indigestion and diarrhea, thanks to properties that strengthen the stomach and reduce flatulence (2020, Lombrea et al.). Additionally, it is traditionally used as a tincture or tea for digestive disorders. 

Studies (2020, Lombrea et al.) have further shown that the essential oil from oregano can effectively combat pathogenic bacteria (antimicrobial activity). The compounds thymol and carvacrol also have antifungal and antiparasitic effects. Additionally, substances from oregano act as antioxidants, and some have anti-inflammatory properties. 

Reduces gas and bloating, promotes bowel movements and gastric health.
Supports stomach and relaxes intestine 

 Parsley is a traditionally known ingredient used as a remedy for gastrointestinal problems. The herb was mentioned in an ethnobotanical study in Algeria by 3.0% of the respondents (2024, Tazi et al.). 

Parsley indeed has several known benefits for digestion (2013, Farzaei et al.). It helps reduce gas and bloating by relaxing the muscles in the small intestine. Additionally, parsley protects the stomach lining from damage and helps prevent stomach ulcers thanks to tannins, flavonoids, and triterpenes. Moreover, parsley promotes bowel movements by increasing the absorption of sodium and water in the large intestine, providing a natural (positive) laxative effect. 

The Ingredients of parsley essential oil stimulate the secretion of bile and gastric juices, thus contributing to better digestion (2021, Punoševac et al.). 

It is also an antioxidant that inhibits the production of NO by macrophages, which can be useful in suppressing chronic inflammation (2014, Akram et al.). 

Relieves digestive issues with its antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties.
Reduces gut sensitivity 

Peppermint is a traditionally known ingredient used as a remedy for gastrointestinal problems. Mint was mentioned in a study in Algeria by 12.2% of the respondents (2024, Tazi et al.). 

In Saudi Arabia, a study (2023, Elmaghraby et al.) investigated in detail for which complaints various herbs were used. Peppermint was mentioned by 38.9% for irritable bowel syndrome, by 41.5% for digestive disorders, and by 17.7% for stomach infections. 

 Peppermint, particularly the oil in peppermint, can be a valuable treatment for irritable bowel syndrome due to its antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties (2020, Kurin and Cooper). It also acts as a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, which can slow down bowel movements and reduce gut sensitivity. Peppermint oil is also used in conventional medicine as a first-line therapy for irritable bowel syndrome due to its minimal risk of side effects. 

Reduces intestinal cramps and heartburn with its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.
Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant 

 In a recent review (2024, Kmail), Mediterranean herbs effective against digestive problems were described. Rosemary was mentioned for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. It also helps against intestinal cramps and heartburn. Active compounds include phenolic diterpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. 

Protects digestive tract cells from oxidative damage and combats harmful bacteria.
Combats harmful intestinal bacteria 

According to a study (2019, Pavić et al.), sage has several beneficial effects on digestion. The main active compounds in sage are carnosic acid and carnosol, which are powerful antioxidants. These compounds help protect the cells in the digestive tract from oxidative damage. Additionally, they have antibacterial properties that can help combat harmful bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, such as E. coli and S. aureus. These properties make sage extracts potentially useful for promoting healthy digestion and protecting against stomach and intestinal problems. 

Relieves gastrointestinal complaints and maintains a healthy digestive system with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
Antimicrobial and promotes digestion 

Thyme is a traditionally known ingredient used as a remedy for gastrointestinal problems. The herb was mentioned in a study in Algeria by 11.3% of the respondents (2024, Tazi et al.). In the Catalan region, this was 5.12% (2024, Cáceres et al.). 

In Saudi Arabia, a study (2023, Elmaghraby et al.) investigated in more detail for which complaints various herbs were used. Thyme was mentioned by 19.3% of the respondents for diarrhea, by 19.5% for constipation, by 16.4% for irritable bowel syndrome, by 17.0% for stomach infections, and by 16.2% for heartburn. 

According to a Catalan study (2024, Cáceres et al.), thyme is especially valued for its powerful antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and digestive-promoting properties. It is often used for indigestion, stomach complaints, and abdominal infections. It is known for relieving gas and bloating in the intestines. Additionally, it is used as an antidiarrheal and to calm the stomach.  

The antimicrobial effect of thyme is particularly useful for conditions involving bacterial infections, while the anti-inflammatory properties help heal irritated intestinal walls. Thyme is also used for parasitic infections, with its effects attributed to the monoterpenes and phenolic compounds in thyme (2021, Patil et al.).  

Within the traditional knowledge of the Catalan region, thyme is often combined with other herbs for a synergistic effect (2024, Cáceres et al.). Pharmacological studies confirm these uses and show that the active compounds in thyme, such as thymol and carvacrol, significantly contribute to its therapeutic value. 

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2024, Kmail A. Mitigating digestive disorders: Action mechanisms of Mediterranean herbal active compounds. Open Life Sci 19(1):20220857. PMID: 38645751. 

2024, Mate PS, Verma VC, Agrawal S, Jaiswal JP, Kumari VV, Kumar R, Kumari M, Gaber A, Hossain A. Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed extract on glycemic index, in vitro digestibility, and physical characterization of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) starch. J Food Sci 89(11):7626-7639. PMID: 39327545.  

2024, Nawirska-Olszańska A, Kolniak-Ostek J, Zubaidi MA, Maksimowski D, Brandova P, Oziembłowski M. Elderflowers (Sambuci flos L.): A Potential Source of Health-Promoting Components. Foods 13(16):2560. PMID: 39200487. 

2024, Petran M, Dragoș D, Stoian I, Vlad A, Gilca M. Current use of medicinal plants for children’s diseases among mothers in Southern Romania. Front Pharmacol 15:1377341. PMID: 38841372. 

2024, Sarker DK, Ray P, Dutta AK, Rouf R, Uddin SJ. Antidiabetic potential of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum): A magic herb for diabetes mellitus. Food Sci Nutr 12(10):7108-7136. PMID: 39479631. 

2024, Sleiman M, Younes M, Hajj R, Salameh T, Abi Rached S, Abi Younes R, Daoud L, Doumiati JL, Frem F, Ishak R, Medawar C, Naim HY, Rizk S. Urtica dioica: Anticancer Properties and Other Systemic Health Benefits from In Vitro to Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 25(13):7501. PMID: 39000608. 

2024, Tazi LA, Benabdesslem Y, Amara S, Hachem K. A survey into the utilization of probiotics and medicinal plants among individuals afflicted with gastrointestinal disorders in healthcare institutions in Saïda, Algeria. Libyan J Med 19(1):2317492. PMID: 38369815.