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The Postbiotics and Probiotics of YIXIY

This document provides a scientifically substantiated overview of the unique benefits of the most important measurable postbiotics and eight probiotic strains found in YIXIY products. This combination of postbiotics and probiotics is designed to improve gut health, strengthen the immune system, and promote overall well-being. The information is based on current scientific insights and is supported by references included at the end of this document.

Summary

Healthy intestines are essential for a strong immune system and overall well-being.

Postbiotics: YIXIY contains measurable postbiotics. Postbiotics are bioactive compounds produced by probiotics. They provide health benefits such as strengthening the intestinal barrier, improving gut health, and reducing inflammation. Although postbiotics have a broad range of positive effects, some examples are listed below:

  • Butyric acid: Nourishes colon cells and helps reduce inflammation.
  • Lactic acid: Lowers the pH in the intestines and inhibits harmful microorganisms.
  • Acetic acid: Supports weight management and provides energy to body cells.
  • Propionic acid: Helps regulate fat storage and supports liver function.
  • Succinic acid: May contribute to reducing menopausal symptoms.

A unique feature of postbiotics is that they retain their functionality even when the bacteria producing them are no longer active.

Probiotics: YIXIY contains eight probiotic strains. Below are some specific benefits highlighted for each strain:

  • Bifidobacterium lactis: Strengthens the immune system.
  • Bifidobacterium longum: Breaks down fibers and reduces inflammation.
  • Lactobacillus acidophilus: Improves lactose digestion and promotes calcium absorption.
  • Lactobacillus casei: Relieves digestive complaints.
  • Lactobacillus rhamnosus: Restores gut flora after antibiotic use.
  • Lactobacillus salivarius: Supports oral health.
  • Lactococcus lactis: Produces antibacterial substances.
  • Streptococcus thermophilus: Aids in lactose digestion.

The postbiotics and probiotics in YIXIY products work together not only to support digestion and the immune system but also to strengthen the integrity of the intestinal barrier. A healthy intestinal barrier is the foundation for optimal nutrient absorption and protection against harmful substances, essential for overall well-being.

Postbiotics

YIXIY contains measurable postbiotics, the most important are: Butyric acid, Lactic acid, Acetic acid, Propionic acid, and Succinic acid.

Postbiotics are the byproducts or substances produced by probiotics during fermentation. This includes a wide range of substances, such as short-chain fatty acids (like butyric acid), peptides, proteins, enzymes, and other metabolites18. These substances can offer health benefits without the probiotic bacteria themselves needing to be alive. Components of dead probiotic strains, such as cell walls, DNA, and other intracellular components, also fall under postbiotics 18. When probiotic bacteria die or break down, these components can still influence gut health and the immune system.

Butyric acid

Butyric acid is converted into butyrate in the colon. Butyrate is the primary energy source for the cells of the large intestine (colonocytes)21. It promotes the integrity of the gut barrier and can have a protective effect against intestinal inflammation 22.

Lactic acid

Lactic acid lowers the pH in the intestines, which can inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms 25.

Acetic acid

Acetic acid is quickly absorbed and can serve as an energy source for body cells outside the gut, such as muscle cells. It is also linked to weight management through a reduction in body weight and body fat 19,20.

Propionic acid

Propionic acid plays a role in fat metabolism and helps reduce fat storage 23. It can also support liver function and is involved in reducing fat storage in the body, which affects weight management 23.

Succinic acid

Succinic acid is converted into succinate in the body. A succinate-rich diet is linked to a reduction in menopausal symptoms 24.

Probiotics

YIXIY contains 8 different strains of bacteria: Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus.

These bacteria are so-called probiotics, which are beneficial microorganisms that support health. They share several common functions. For instance, they help maintain a healthy gut microbiome by inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria, support digestion by breaking down sugars and fibers, and contribute to the immune system. Additionally, these bacteria produce lactic acid, which lowers the pH in the intestines, helping to limit the growth of harmful microorganisms. Overall, these probiotics promote gut health and support the absorption of essential nutrients.

Bifidobacterium lactis

Bifidobacterium lactis can support the natural immune response 1.

Bifidobacterium longum

Bifidobacterium longum is specialized in breaking down complex carbohydrates and fibers 2. This strain can contribute to a healthy gut flora by reducing inflammation 3.

Lactobacillus acidophilus

Lactobacillus acidophilus plays an important role in the digestion of dairy, especially by converting lactose into lactic acid. This bacterial strain is often associated with reducing symptoms of lactose intolerance4. Furthermore, it promotes the absorption of calcium and other minerals 5, which is essential for bone health.

Lactobacillus casei

Lactobacillus casei is often associated with relieving digestive complaints6. It helps improve the digestion of sugars7.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus

Lactobacillus rhamnosus is described for its role in reducing diarrhea following antibiotic use 8 or hospital admission 9. It can also help restore balance after vaginal dysbiosis 10.

Lactobacillus salivarius

Lactobacillus salivarius has antimicrobial properties that can contribute to good oral health 11. This strain is linked to reducing gum bleeding and may help with bad breath 11,12.

Lactococcus lactis

Lactococcus lactis is able to produce nisin13. Nisin is a natural antibacterial peptide known for inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria. Postbiotics from Lactococcus lactis have been linked to skin improvement14  .

Streptococcus thermophilus

Streptococcus thermophilus helps in the digestion of lactose from dairy products by producing lactase15,16. Additionally, Streptococcus thermophilus produces various B vitamins, such as folate (B9)17.

References

1.           Arunachalam, K., Gill, H.S., and Chandra, R.K. (2000). Enhancement of natural immune function by dietary consumption of Bifidobacterium lactis (HN019). European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000 54:3 54, 263–267. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600938.

2.            Pokusaeva, K., Fitzgerald, G., nutrition, D. van S.-G.&, and 2011, undefined (2011). Carbohydrate metabolism in Bifidobacteria. Springer 6, 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12263-010-0206-6.

3.            Saez-Lara, M.J., Gomez-Llorente, C., Plaza-Diaz, J., and Gil, A. (2015). The Role of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria in the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Other Related Diseases: A Systematic Review of Randomized Human Clinical Trials. Biomed Res Int 2015, 505878. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/505878.

4.            Pakdaman, M.N., Udani, J.K., Molina, J.P., and Shahani, M. (2016). The effects of the DDS-1 strain of lactobacillus on symptomatic relief for lactose intolerance – A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial. Nutr J 15, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12937-016-0172-Y/FIGURES/1.

5.            Dubey, M.R., and Patel, V.P. (2018). The Open Nutrition Journal Probiotics: A Promising Tool for Calcium Absorption. 12, 59–69. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874288201812010059.

6.            Preston, K., Krumian, R., Hattner, J., Demontigny, D., Stewart, M., and Gaddam, S. (2018). Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285, Lactobacillus casei LBC80R and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CLR2 improve quality-of-life and IBS symptoms: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2017.0105 9, 697–706. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2017.0105.

7.            Viana, R., Monedero, V., Dossonnet, V., Vadeboncoeur, C., Pérez-Martínez, G., and Deutscher, J. (2000). Enzyme I and HPr from Lactobacillus casei: their role in sugar transport, carbon catabolite repression and inducer exclusion. Mol Microbiol 36, 570–584. https://doi.org/10.1046/J.1365-2958.2000.01862.X.

8.            Li, Y.T., Xu, H., Ye, J.Z., Wu, W.R., Shi, D., Fang, D.Q., Liu, Y., and Li, L.J. (2019). Efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in treatment of acute pediatric diarrhea: A systematic review with meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 25, 4999. https://doi.org/10.3748/WJG.V25.I33.4999.

9.            Szajewska, H., Wanke, M., and Patro, B. (2011). Meta-analysis: the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation for the prevention of healthcare-associated diarrhoea in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 34, 1079–1087. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2036.2011.04837.X.

10.         Pino, A., Rapisarda, A.M.C., Vitale, S.G., Cianci, S., Caggia, C., Randazzo, C.L., and Cianci, A. (2021). A clinical pilot study on the effect of the probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus TOM 22.8 strain in women with vaginal dysbiosis. Scientific Reports 2021 11:1 11, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81931-z.

11.         Iwamoto, T., Suzuki, N., Tanabe, K., Takeshita, T., and Hirofuji, T. (2010). Effects of probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 on halitosis and oral health: an open-label pilot trial. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 110, 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRIPLEO.2010.03.032.

12.         Suzuki, N., Yoneda, M., Tanabe, K., Fujimoto, A., Iha, K., Seno, K., Yamada, K., Iwamoto, T., Masuo, Y., and Hirofuji, T. (2014). Lactobacillus salivarius WB21–containing tablets for the treatment of oral malodor: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 117, 462–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OOOO.2013.12.400.

13.         Liu, W., and Hansen, J.N. (1990). Some chemical and physical properties of nisin, a small-protein antibiotic produced by Lactococcus lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol 56, 2551–2558. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.56.8.2551-2558.1990.

14.         Kimoto-Nira, H., Aoki, R., Sasaki, K., Suzuki, C., and Mizumachi, K. (2012). Oral intake of heat-killed cells of Lactococcus lactis strain H61 promotes skin health in women. J Nutr Sci 1, e18. https://doi.org/10.1017/JNS.2012.22.

15.         Huang, Y.Y., Lu, Y.H., Liu, X.T., Wu, W.T., Li, W.Q., Lai, S.Q., Aadil, R.M., Riaz Rajoka, M.S., Wang, L.H., and Zeng, X.A. (2024). Metabolic Properties, Functional Characteristics, and Practical Application of Streptococcus thermophilus. Food Reviews International 40, 792–813. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2023.2202406.

16.         Sharma, R., Bhaskar, B., Sanodiya, B.S., Thakur, G.S., Jaiswal, P., Yadav, N., Sharma, A., and Bisen, P.S. (2014). Probiotic Efficacy and Potential of Streptococcus thermophilus modulating human health: A synoptic review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS 9, 52–58.

17.         Iyer, R., Tomar, S.K., Kapila, S., Mani, J., and Singh, R. (2010). Probiotic properties of folate producing Streptococcus thermophilus strains. Food Research International 43, 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODRES.2009.09.011.

18.         Salminen, S., Collado, M.C., Endo, A., Hill, C., Lebeer, S., Quigley, E.M.M., Sanders, M.E., Shamir, R., Swann, J.R., Szajewska, H., et al. (2021). The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2021 18:9 18, 649–667. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-021-00440-6.

19.         Cobb, K.M., Chavez, D.A., Kenyon, J.D., Hutelin, Z., and Webster, M.J. (2021). Acetic Acid Supplementation: Effect on Resting and Exercise Energy Expenditure and Substrate Utilization. Int J Exerc Sci 14, 222.

20.         Kondo, T., Kishi, M., Fushimi, T., and Kaga, T. (2009). Acetic acid upregulates the expression of genes for fatty acid oxidation enzymes in liver to suppress body fat accumulation. J Agric Food Chem 57, 5982–5986. https://doi.org/10.1021/JF900470C/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/JF-2009-00470C_0002.JPEG.

21.         Pryde, S.E., Duncan, S.H., Hold, G.L., Stewart, C.S., and Flint, H.J. (2002). The microbiology of butyrate formation in the human colon. FEMS Microbiol Lett 217, 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1574-6968.2002.TB11467.X.

22.         Siddiqui, M.T., and Cresci, G.A.M. (2021). The Immunomodulatory Functions of Butyrate. J Inflamm Res 14, 6025–6041. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S300989.

23.         Al-Lahham, S.H., Peppelenbosch, M.P., Roelofsen, H., Vonk, R.J., and Venema, K. (2010). Biological effects of propionic acid in humans; metabolism, potential applications and underlying mechanisms. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1801, 1175–1183. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BBALIP.2010.07.007.

24.         Radzinsky, V.E., Uspenskaya, Y., Shulman, L.P., and Kuznetsova, I. V. (2019). Succinate-Based Dietary Supplement for Menopausal Symptoms: A Pooled Analysis of Two Identical Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials. Obstet Gynecol Int 2019, 1572196. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1572196.

25.         In, Y.W., Kim, J.J., Kim, H.J., and Oh, S.W. (2013). Antimicrobial Activities of Acetic Acid, Citric Acid and Lactic Acid against Shigella Species. J Food Saf 33, 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/JFS.12025.

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